Class Ten: Parts of Speech

Ashuganj Tap Bidyut Kendra High School

Class Ten (S S C Candidates of 2021)

Subject: English 2^nd Paper

Topic: Grammar

Online Lesson: Part – 1

Dear Students!

Take my good wishes and heartfelt love. I hope and pray that all of you are keeping well during the sine die. All of us are passing the days through a pandemic crisis for COVID19. Learning is a sacred job. So, we cannot stop gaining knowledge. You are our future citizens. So, we have decided to continue virtual classes and exams through online. I’m inviting you all to join my virtual classes and exams in accordance with the routine. All of you will see the class lecture in my blog.

Objectives:

·         To revise the basic grammar

·         To build a strong foundation in English Language

·         To be skilled for solving the questions number 1 & 2

Content: Parts of Speech

In a sentence, words are divided into different classes or kinds because of their functions and usage. And it is described by the term of parts of speech. Parts of speech help to understand the functions of words and how different words can make a meaningful sentence.

There are eight types of parts of speech. Such as:

1.      Noun

2.      Pronoun

3.      Adjective

4.      Verb

5.      Adverb

6.      Preposition

7.      Conjunction

8.      Interjection

Function of Noun:
Noun works in a sentence as subject or object or both subject and object of a verb.

Classification of nouns: Noun can be classified into five categories. Such as:

                                i.            Proper noun

                              ii.            Common noun

                            iii.            Collective noun  

                            iv.            Abstract noun

                              v.            Material noun

i. Proper Noun:

Proper noun is the name of some particular persons, places or things.

Examples:
– Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. (Dhaka is the name of one particular capital)
– Sunny is a smart boy. (Sunny is the name of one particular boy)
– Rimi is a clever girl. (Rimi is the name of one particular girl)
Proper noun always starts with capital letter.

ii. Common Noun:

Common noun is a noun that is not the name of a particular thing or class. Examples:
– Sunny is a smart boy. (Here boy is common noun while Sunny is a proper noun)
– Rimi is a clever girl. (Here girl is common noun while Rimi is a proper noun)
Examples without sentence:
– People: boy, girl, mother, father, baby, child, teacher, student, man, woman etc.
– Things: book, table, computer, pen, pencil etc.
– Animals: bird, dog, cat, cow, goat, wolf, tiger etc.
– Place: city, country, state, capital, beach, forest etc.

iii. Collective Noun:

A collective noun is the name of a collection or number or group of things or persons taken together and considered of as one whole.

Examples: The navy is the ready for the voyage. Public was not aware for the incident. The proposal was approved by the cabinet.

Example without sentence:
Crowd, class, army, mob, gang, team, jury, family, herd, committee, audience, council, public, navy, cabinet, group, company, society, troupe, corporation, senate, faculty, board etc.

iv. Material Noun:

A material noun is the name of material or substance of things. Such as: iron, steel, copper, gold, coal, silver, milk, water, tea, sugar, wheat etc.

Example: The necklace is made of gold. The cow gives us milk. Give me a cup of tea.

v. Abstract Noun:

An Abstract Noun is usually the name of a quality, action state or concept. Abstract nouns are the names of such things those can’t be touched, tested, smelt or heard. Such as:

·         Quality- honesty, beauty, bravery, wisdom, heroism, stupidity, darkness, kindness, goodness, brightness etc.

·         Action- Judgment, movement, laughter, hatred, theft etc.

·         State- Childhood, boyhood, youth, death, poverty, slavery, sickness, sleep etc.

Kinds of Pronoun:

There are many different kinds of pronouns. Such as:

                    i.            Personal Pronoun

                  ii.            Possessive Pronoun

                iii.            Reflexive Pronoun

                iv.            Indefinite Pronoun

                  v.            Demonstrative Pronoun

                vi.            Relative Pronoun

              vii.            Interrogative Pronoun

            viii.            Reciprocal Pronoun.

i.                    Personal Pronoun:

Personal pronoun is used instead of person. Such as I, you, he, she, we, they and who.

·         When a personal pronoun is the subject of a verb then it is called Subjective Pronoun (I, we, he, she, they, and you for example: I love this book.

·         When a personal pronoun is not a subject and acts as the object then it is called Objective Pronoun (me, you, her, him, it, us, them and whom for example: Give it to him.

ii.                  Possessive Pronoun:

A Possessive Pronoun shows ownership of something. Such as his, hers, its, mine, yours, ours, and theirs. Examples: This pen is mine. Yours one is not real. Take hers from the room.

iii.                Reflexive Pronoun:

Reflexive Pronoun refers back to the subject in the sentence. They are myself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves, yourselves and itself. Examples: I ask myself when I take a decision. He spoke to himself. We learn about ourselves every day. I myself have done the job. The president himself visited the area. He himself can’t do it.

iv.                Indefinite Pronoun:

An Indefinite Pronoun refers to an indefinite or non-specific person or thing. Indefinite pronouns are any, anything, some, someone, somebody, everybody, everything, everyone, nobody, none, one, several, some, few, many and each.
An Indefinite pronoun may look like an indefinite adjective but it is used differently in sentences by taking the place of a noun.

Examples:

a)      All people gathered here for the same purpose.

b)      Does anyone know anything about the matter?

c)      Anybody can play the game easily.

d)     None but the brave deserves the fair.

e)      Each must do his best.

f)       One must do one’s duty.

v.                  Demonstrative Pronoun:

A Demonstrative Pronoun particularly point out a noun. This, these, that and those are demonstrative pronouns to point out a noun.
A Demonstrative pronoun stands alone but a demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun. Examples:
– You can smell that from here.
– This smells good.
– Those were bad days.
– Look at that.
– Would you deliver this?

vi.                Relative Pronoun:

A Relative Pronoun is a pronoun that introduces or links one phrase or clause to another in the sentence. Relative Pronouns are that, who, whom, where, when, whoever, whichever and whomever. Examples:
– The person who called me is my uncle.
– I know where I am going.
– The pen which I lost was red.
– You should buy the book that you need for the course.
– Robi Thakur is a poet who wrote the National Anthem.

Who and whom refer only to people. Which refers to things, qualities and ideas. That and whose refer to people, qualities, things and ideas.

vii.              Interrogative Pronoun:

An Interrogative Pronoun is used to ask question. Interrogative Pronouns are who, which, what, whom, whose as well as whoever, whomever, whichever and whatever. It is used in the beginning of the sentence. Who and whom refer to person. What refers to person or thing. Which refers to thing and whose refers to person as possessive.

Example: What’s happened?  What do you expect from me? Who designed this website? Whose mobile is this? Whatever did you want?

viii.            Reciprocal Pronoun:

A Reciprocal Pronoun refers the relations between two or more persons or things. Each other and one another are Reciprocal Pronouns. We use Reciprocal Pronouns when there are two or more persons or things doing the same thing.

Example:
– Rimi and Raju like each other.
– Why don’t we believe each other?
– They do not tolerate each other.
– We should help one another.

Adjective Classification:

Following are the different types of adjectives:

        i.            Qualitative Adjective or Descriptive Adjective or Adjective of quality

      ii.            Quantitative Adjective or Adjective of quantity

    iii.            Numeric Adjective or Adjective of Number

    iv.            Demonstrative Adjective

      v.            Distributive Adjective

    vi.            Possessive Adjective

  vii.            Interrogative Adjective

i.                    Qualitative Adjective or Adjective of quality:

Express the qualities of something or someone. Such as: great, good, bad, wise, poor, nice, happy, pretty, angry, blue etc.

Examples: He gives me a great idea. Mr. Rahim is a good person. He is a bad guy.

ii.                  Quantitative Adjective or Adjective of quantity:

Express or indicate the quantity of a noun or pronoun. Such as: some, little, much, enough, whole, sufficient, all, none, more, half, no etc.

Example: I have enough money to but he car. The whole countrymen congratulate the president.
She wants all the money.

iii.                Numeric or Adjective of number:

Express the number or order of something or someone. Such as: one, two, three, ………., first, second, third, ……………, single, double, triple, quadruple, twofold, threefold, fivefold, ………… etc.

Example: He can eat ten eggs at a time. She is the first girl in the class. The house owner does not rent the room to the single person.

Adjective of number is two types: Definite and Indefinite.
Definite Numeric adjectives are of three kinds.
Such as:
 a) Cardinal (one, two….),
b) Ordinal (first, second, ……),
c) Multiplicative (Single, double, ……..)

iv.                Demonstrative Adjective:

Specify the nouns or pronouns. Such as: this, that, those, these etc.

Example: This boy is good. That is her room. These are the book to follow.

v.                  Distributive Adjective:

Express the distributive state of nouns. Such as: every, each, neither, either, both etc.

Example: Every movie in the series is popular. Both the boys are appreciated by them. Each person will get the reward.

vi.                Possessive Adjective:

Shows the possession in the sentence. Such as: his, her, him, my, our, your, their etc.

Example: This is her cell phone. I have seen their house. Our house is tow stored house.

vii.              Interrogative Adjective:

Interrogative Adjective modifies nouns in interrogative sentence. Such as: which, what, whose etc.

Examples: What kind of man he is? Whose phone is this? Which program are you listening?

Kinds of Verb:

Firstly verb is divided into two types:

i. Principal or or Main Verb
ii. Auxiliary or Helping Verb

i. Principal Verb:

Verbs which are used independently without help of other verbs are called Principal Verb.

Examples: He is a singer. She does her job. They have many problems.
Principal verbs are two types depending on the object they take:

a.      Transitive verb:

Transitive verb is an action verb that requires one or more objects which receive the action of the verb in a sentence.

Examples: She reads the book. (verb with the object ‘the book’) He gave me a mobile phone. (verb with the object ‘me’ and ‘mobile phone’) I saw her in the market. Rifat wants a pen form Ryan.

b.      Intransitive verb:

Intransitive verb is an action verb that requires no direct object in the sentence.

Example:
– She reads. (no object in the sentence)
– Sit down here. (no object in the sentence)
– The birds are flying. (no object in the sentence)
– She is singing. (no object in the sentence)
– The sun set. (no object in the sentence)
– I walked to the park today. (no object in the sentence)
– I went to the campus for a scheduled class. (no object in the sentence)

ii. Auxiliary or Helping Verb:
Verbs which help a Principal verb to form a sentence are called Auxiliary or Helping verb.

Example:  He is singing a song. She is doing her job. They are facing many problems.
Auxiliary verbs are two types:
i. Primary or Tense Auxiliaries such as: be, am, is was, are, were, been, being, have, has, had, having, do, does and did.

Example:
Different forms of verb are used in different situations.
– I am doing the job. (present Continuous)
– Ryan was sleeping that moment. (past Continuous)
– It is done by her. (passive form)
– Rifat reads the book. (present form as principle verb)
– She is here. (principle verb)
– They have completed the mission. (present perfect)
– Does he make it?
– Have you prepared for the situation?

ii. Modal Auxiliaries such as: can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must, need, dare, used to, ought to etc.
Modals only take the base form of verbs after them.

Example:
– Shall we start the game? (Asking the question)
– You should read the book attentively. (Suggest)
– Would you give a cup of coffee? (request)
– I can do the sum? (ability)
– May I come in? (permission)
– I used to have tea in the evening. (habit)
– We ought to respect our seniors (moral obligation)

Finite and Non-finite Verbs:

Finite verb:
A Verb which changes its form according to the number, person or tense and must has subject is called finite verb

Examples: I saw her crying. He makes me proud. I will write a book in this month. The honey tastes sweet. They are doing a good job.

Non-finite verb or Verbal:
A Non-finite verb is a form of verb that is not limited by person, number or tense in a sentence and cannot act as main verb.

There are three kinds of non-finite verbs.
i. Infinite
ii. Gerund
iii. Participles

·         Infinite Verb or Infinitive:
Infinite verb is a non-finite verb that is made up of “to + base form of verb”.
Examples: He likes to play football. Honey is sweet to taste. The man is too late to go. People gathered here to hear the news.

Certain verbs such as bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear is used without ‘to’ and is called bare infinitive.
Examples: Make her stand. Let the people go there. You need not leave the place.

·         Gerund:
A gerund is a form of non-finite verb which is made up by adding the ‘ing’ at the end of the base form of a verb.
Examples: I saw her crying. Swimming is good for health. Being tired I took rest for a while. Seeing is believing.

·         Participles:
A Participle is verbal and works as an adjective. Participle can be following types.
a) Present Participle: Present participle is made by adding ‘ing ’ to the base form.

·         Both of Gerund and Present Participles are made by adding ‘ing’ to the base form.
But difference between them is Gerund functions as a noun and present participles functions as an adjective.
Example:
– Swimming is good for the people. (Here swimming is noun)
– A boy is swimming. (Here swimming is an adjective)

b) Past Participle: Past participle is made by adding ‘ed’, ‘-d’ or ‘-t’ to the base form of a regular verb. Such as looked, said, slept, broken etc.

The past participle can be preceded by have, has, had etc. to express the perfect aspect. And it also expresses the passive voice.
Examples: They have invited him to the party. The faded flower attracts none. It is said by them. The floated area is good for cultivation.

c) Perfect participle: Perfect participle is only “having’.

Examples: Having eaten rice, they took rest. The baby started laughing having seen its mother. They thanked me having found the money.

Kinds of Adverbs:

There are different kinds of adverb according to their functions in a sentence.

i. Adverbs of Time:
Indicate the time of an action and answer the question ‘when’? Such as: now, soon, still, then, today, yet, since, back, ago, already, before, after, recently, today, lately, tomorrow, once, someday, early etc.
Examples: I have already finished my job. I will do it now. The result will be published tomorrow.

ii. Adverbs of Manner:
Express the manner of an action and answer the question ‘How’?
Such as: happily, slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, easily, fast, bravely, hard, well, badly etc.
Example: Rafat is speaking quietly. He is doing the job carefully. The boy is crying loudly.

iii. Adverbs of Place:
Indicate the place of an action and answer the question ‘Where’? Such as: here, there, hither, thither, where, anywhere, somewhere, everywhere, nowhere etc.
Example: Go out. I love to be here. People still live there.

iv. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity:
Express quantity and answer the question ‘How much/ How far/ to what extent’?
Such as: extremely, fully, quite, almost, very much, too, a lot, totally, absolutely, fairly, hardly, rather etc.
Examples: He is quite wrong. She is fully cured. He is bad enough to kill you.

v. Adverbs of Affirmation and negation:
Indicate assertion and express the one’s reaction to question. Such as: yes, no, yeah
Example: Yes, I can. No, she isn’t.

vi. Adverbs of Frequency:
Express the frequency of an action and answer the question “How often”? Such as: never, ever, always, often, seldom, every day, sometimes, usually, normally, frequently, rarely, hardly, scarcely, once a week etc.

Adverbs of reason:
Express the reason and make the conclusion. Such as: hence, therefore, thence etc.
Conjunctive Adverb:
Conjunctive adverb is used to join two clauses together. Such as: also, finally, furthermore, consequently, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, nevertheless, meanwhile, next, nonetheless, otherwise, then, still, thus and therefore.

Role or function of preposition in a sentence:
A preposition sits before a noun or a pronoun to show noun’s or pronoun’s relationship to another word in the sentence. Preposition helps to construct a sentence.
Examples: He is looking for papers. Rifat lives in Dhaka. Place the book on the table. I will go there after breakfast. Look at the sky clearly. You should stand by him.

Prepositions are five different kinds:

i. Simple Preposition: in, at, by, of, for, on, over, under, up, to, from, out, with, down etc.
ii. Double Preposition: into, onto, within, without, toward etc.
iii. Compound or Phrasal or Complex Prepositions are made of two or more words.
Such as: instead of, in front of, in between, out of, in behalf of, in place of, except for, throughout, underneath, on account of, according to etc.
iv. Participial Preposition
Present or Past Participles can be used as Prepositions. Such as concerning, regarding, considering, pending etc.

There are different types of conjunctions:

·         Coordinate Conjunction

·         Subordinate Conjunction

·         Correlative conjunction

Coordinate Conjunction:
Coordinate conjunctions such as: and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet are used to join individual words, phrases and independent clauses.

Example:
– She stood first and got a prize.
– He is sad but hopeful.
– The snake is small but dangerous.
– You must read or you may fail in the examination.

Subordinate Conjunction:
The subordinate clause such as since, because, although, as, until etc. are used to join an independent clause to a dependent clause.
The subordinate conjunctions are used before the dependent clauses. Dependent clause can be placed before or after the independent clauses.
Example:
– He never gives up until he wins.
– Since she had the headache, she did not go to work.
– Though he loved tennis, he played another one.
– Despite calling several times, she never responded.

Correlative conjunctions:
Correlatives conjunctions are:
Both….and, either….or, neither….nor, not only….but also, so….that, such….that, no sooner….than, hardly….when, scarcely….when, else….than, else….but.

Example:
– He is both a fool and a knave. (noun to noun)
– She is both wise and good. (adjective to adjective)
– He must either work or go. (verb to verb)
– He behaved neither wisely nor kindly. (adverb to adverb)
– He is so tired that he cannot run.
– Such was her beauty that everybody loved her.
– No sooner had I sat down than they left the room.
– Hardly had I left the room when it began to rain.
– Scarcely had I left the room when it began to rain.
– She has none else than her mother.
– She has none else but her mother.

Home Task: All boards of questions no. 1&2 (You must write these answers to your exercise book. After the sine die,we must check your home task and give you marks.)